Three basic sets of conditions
For a marriage to be celebrated validly, the parties must be capable of marrying, give true consent, and observe canonical form when the law requires it. The premarital investigation is not intended to create obstacles but to protect the freedom and permanence of the covenant.
Diriment impediments concern age; antecedent and perpetual impotence; a prior bond; disparity of cult; sacred orders; a public perpetual vow; abduction; crime; consanguinity; affinity; public propriety; and a legal relationship arising from adoption. Many cases require expertise; do not diagnose the case yourself.
Suggested reading: Matthew 19:3-9. Indissolubility is both a gift and a demand arising from the fact that God joins the couple together.
Nullity is not “Catholic divorce”
A civil divorce does not of itself dissolve the matrimonial bond. A declaration of nullity is a Church tribunal's judgment that an essential element was lacking at the time of the wedding. Infertility is not an impediment; mental illness also does not automatically render a marriage invalid.
Is there any marriage, traditional wedding ceremony, child, or obligation from a previous relationship that I have not disclosed because I thought, “It was not in a church, so it does not count”?
Make a timeline of both persons' previous relationships and marriages. Bring every uncertainty to the priest responsible for the file; do not rely on hearsay to decide whether you are free to marry.
References
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How Does Canon Law Protect the Covenant?
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